"Freud para todos": psicoanálisis y cultura de masas en Chile, 1920-1950 / "Freud for all": psychoanalysis and mass culture in Chile, 1920-1950

Resumen El trabajo aborda la circulación e implantación temprana en los circuitos masivos de la sociedad chilena de principios del siglo XX, recuperando las primeras menciones de Sigmund Freud en los medios de comunicación chilenos, la oferta de cursos de autoayuda en clave freudiana, la aparición del personaje del psicoanalista en algunas novelas de fantasía y los cursos abiertos sobre psicoanálisis que dictaba el primer juez de menores de Santiago, el abogado Samuel Gajardo Contreras. Se profundiza en las expectativas que se proyectaron en el freudismo por parte de las elites chilenas y cómo las teorías de Freud ayudaron a repensar la infancia, la familia y la vida emocional en Chile durante el periodo de 1920-1950.

Abstract This article deals with the circulation and early spread of Freudianism in mass culture in Chilean society at the turn of the twentieth century. It documents the first references to Sigmund Freud in the Chilean media, the announcement of Freudian-style self-help classes, the appearance of psychoanalysts as characters in some fantasy novels, and the open lectures on psychoanalysis given by the first juvenile court judge in Santiago, the lawyer Samuel Gajardo Contreras. It explores the expectations projected onto Freudianism by the Chilean elite, and how Freud's theories contributed to a rethinking of childhood, the family and emotional life in Chile from 1920-1950.

Biomass production of multipopulation microalgae in open air pond for biofuel potential.

Biodiesel gains attention as it is made from renewable resources and has considerable environmental benefits. The present investigation has focused on large scale cultivation of multipopulation microalgae in open air pond using natural sea water without any additional nutritive supplements for low cost biomass production as a possible source of biofuel in large scale. Open air algal pond attained average chlorophyll concentration of 11.01 µg/L with the maximum of 43.65 µg/L as well as a higher lipid concentration of 18 % (w/w) with lipid content 9.3 mg/L on the 10th day of the culture; and maximum biomass of 0.36 g/L on the 7th day of the culture. Composition analysis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). Multipopulation of algal biomass had 18% of total lipid content with 55% of total saturated fatty acids (SFA), 35.3% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 9.7% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), revealing a potential source of biofuel production at low cost.

Variation of Spirulina maxima biomass production in different depths of urea-used culture medium

Fewer studies have assessed the outdoor cultivation of Spirulina maxima compared with S. platensis, although the protein content of S. maxima is higher than S. platensis. Spirulina growth medium requires an increased amount of NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaNO3, which increases the production cost. Therefore, the current study used a low-cost but high-efficiency biomass production medium (Medium M-19) after testing 33 different media. The medium depth of 25 cm (group A) was sub-divided into A1 (50% cover with a black curtain (PolyMax, 12 oz ultra-blackout), A2 (25% cover), and A3 (no cover). Similarly the medium depths of 30 and 35 cm were categorized as groups B (B1, B2, and B3) and C (C1, C2, and C3), respectively, and the effects of depth and surface light availability on growth and biomass production were assessed. The highest biomass production was 2.05 g L-1 in group A2, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in all other groups and sub-groups. Spirulina maxima died in B1 and C1 on the fifth day of culture. The biochemical composition of the biomass obtained from A2 cultures, including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture, and ash, was 56.59%, 14.42%, 0.94%, 5.03%, and 23.02%, respectively. Therefore, S. maxima could be grown outdoors with the highest efficiency in urea-enriched medium at a 25-cm medium depth with 25% surface cover or uncovered.

Bisphenol A inhibits cell viability and differentiation in micromass culture of rat embryonic midbrain cells via the Notch-Hes pathway / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Study the role of estrogen receptor (ER)in the inhibition of cell viability and differentiation induced by bisphenol A (BPA)in micro mass culture of rat e mbryonic midbrain(MB) cells.METHODS Micro mass cultures of MB were prepared fro m rat e mbryonic midbrain on gestation day 13.MB cells were exposed to BPA (10 -4 ,10 -6 ,10 -8 ,10 -10 ,10 -12 mol·L -1 )for 5 d.Cell viability was assessed by neutral red uptake test.MB differentiation was detected by he matoxylin staining and i mage analysis.In order to observe the role of ER pathway in the toxicity induced by BPA,cell cultures were co-treated with ICI182780 0.1 n mol·L -1 ,ta moxifen 1 n mol·L -1 and BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 for 5 d, the cell viability and foci differentiation were detected.Moreover,the protein expression levels of ER in normal e mbryonic brain of gestation day 18,testis tissue fro m adult rats and midbrain cells untreated with BPA were investigated by Western blot.The mRNA expression levels of ER in normal e mbryonic brain of gestation day 13 and gestation day 18,ovary and testis tissue fro m adult rats,and midbrain cells un-treated with BPA were investigated by real-ti me PCR.The mRNA expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 in MB cells treated with BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 were also detected by real-ti me PCR.RESULTS BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 could inhibited MB cell viability and foci differentiation.However,this effect could not be reversed by ER antagonist.The protein and mRNA expression levels of ER in e mbryonic brain and MB cells untreated with BPA were found to be extre mly low.In addition,BPA 0.1 mmol·L -1 could inhibited the mRNA expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 .CONCLUSION BPA could inhibited MB cell viability and foci differentiation.ER pathway might be not involved in this effect.Instead,Notch-Hes pathway might be involved for this effect.

Esporte e política na ditadura militar brasileira: a criação de um pertencimento nacional esportivo / Sport and politics in the brazilian military dictatorship: the creation of a national feeling of belonging through sports

No trabalho percorro indícios da relação entre esporte e política durante o período da ditadura que assolou o Brasil nas décadas finais do sec. XX. Distancio-me de explicações conspiratórias, e problematizo o fato de o fenômeno esportivo, marca da universalização da cultura, ter servido ao propósito político da ditadura, sem que tenha sido ela o seu propulsor. Antes, argumento que a ditadura soube ler o contexto mundial para apropriar e difundir uma pratica de grande apelo de massas e consumo, que remeteu a novas formas de subjetivação, afetando, assim, os interesses e as necessidades de grandes parcelas da população brasileira. Tomo como fontes, além de documentos próprios do universo esportivo, rastros do debate sobre o nacional e o popular, marca do que foram as tentativas de afirmação da nação.

This article investigates traces of the relation between sports and politics during the dictatorship which pervaded Brazil in the last decades of the twentieth century. Conspiracy theories are put aside, and focus is put on problematizing the fact that the sportive phenomenon, a hallmark of culture universalization, have fulfilled the dictatorship political purpose, without the dictatorship itself having propelled the sports as well. Firstly, it is demonstrated that the dictatorship was able to read the world context in order to appropriate and diffuse a practice with appeal to the masses and to consumerism, which led to new ways of subjectivation, thus affecting the interests and the needs of large portions of Brazilians. Sources used include, besides documents related to the sportsuniverse, vestiges of the debate about the concept of "national" and "popular", a debate which marked theattempts of national affirmation.

En el trabajo recojo huellas de la relación entre deporte y política em el período de la dictadura militar que afectó Brasil en las décadas finales del pasado siglo. Me alejo de explicaciones conspiratóiras y problematizo el hecho de que el fenômeno deportivo, rasgo de una cultura universalizada, há servido a lós propósitos políticos de la dictadura, sin que haiga sido ella su propulsor. Por lo contrario argumento que la dictadura supo leer el contexto mundial para apropiarse y difundir una práctica de muy grande apello de mazas y consumo, que produjo nuevas formas de subjetivación, impactando asi lós intereses y lãs necesidades de grandes parcelas de la población brasileña. Utilizo como fuentes, ademas de documentos própios del universo deportivo, huellas del debate sobre lo que era nacional y lo popular, queenmarcó tentativas de afirmación de la nación.

Elaphoidella grandidieri (Harpacticoida: Copepoda): Demographic characteristics and possible use as live prey in aquaculture.

In freshwater ecosystems, rotifers and cladocerans are ideal prey for fish larvae whereas copepods, due to their purported low growth rate and predatory tendency, are not. We recently isolated the parthenogenetic Elaphoidella grandidieri (Guerne et Richard, 1893) a benthic freshwater harpacticoid, from a fish farm in the State of Morelos, central Mexico and tested its potential as a live prey organism for larval vertebrates. Population growth and life table demography experiments were conducted, in 100 ml recipients with 50 ml of test medium on a diet of Scenedesmus acutus at a density of 1.0 X 106cell ml-1; the former on live algae alone while the latter on live algae as well as detritus. We also conducted experiments to document the prey preference for this copepod by the larval Ameca splendens (Pisces: Goodeidae) and Ambystoma mexicanum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae), fed the rotifer Plationus patulus, the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens, and the cladocerans Moina macrocopa and Daphnia pulex. Elaphoidella grandidieri is relatively easy to maintain under laboratory conditions, reaching densities (copepodites and adults) of more than 10,000 l-1. The generation time ranged between 30-45 days, depending on the diet. The net reproductive rate was as high as 60 nauplii female -1 day -1. Population growth rates ranged between 0.03 and 0.11 d-1, live algae being the superior diet compared to detritus. Both predators showed no preference for E. grandidieri, but in the absence of alternate prey they consumed 80% of the harpacticoids offered. The data have been discussed in relation to the potential of E. grandidieri as live food for aquaculture.

Use of Dactylaria brochopaga, a Predacious Fungus, for Managing Root-Knot Disease of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Caused by Meloidogyne graminicola

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the induction of constricting rings and test predation of Dactylaria brochopaga isolates against second stage juveniles (J2s) of Meloidogyne graminicola. Among the five fungal isolates, isolate D showed the greatest number of predatory rings and, consequently, trapped the maximum number of M. graminicola J2s in dual cultures. Another pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of D. brochopaga (isolate D) on the management of wheat root-knot disease. Applying a mass culture (10 g/pot) and a spore suspension of the fungus with and without cow dung manure to soil infested with 2,000 M. graminicola juveniles significantly improved plant height, root length, weights of shoots, roots, panicles and grains per hill compared to those in the control. Moreover, the fungus significantly reduced the number of root-knots, the number of egg masses, juveniles, and females per hill compared to those in the control. Bio-efficacy of the fungus was heightened when the mass culture and a spore suspensions were used in combination with cow dung manure to improve the plant growth parameters and reduce the number of root-knot and reproductive factors. Further investigations should be conducted to identify the impact of this fungus in the field.